Force disk checking during boot in Ubuntu

In order to force disk checking during boot in Ubuntu and other modern
operating systems, the 'fsck.mode=force' kernel parameter needs to be
added before booting.

In Ubuntu this is done as follows:
1) At the GRUB screen, press 'e' to edit the kernel parameters.
2) Add 'fsck.mode=force' at the end of the line that starts with the
keyword 'linux'.
3) Press 'Ctrl+x' or 'F10' to boot with the updated kernel parameters.

Note that only the partitions that have '1' or '2' as the fsck option in
'/etc/fstab' will be checked. The value '1' is reserved for the boot
partition, and all the other partitions to be checked should use the
value '2'.

Fix automatic suspend in Lubuntu

If you get the error "Authentication required before suspend" when the PC tries to suspend automatically, the actions below are required.

In the file "/usr/share/polkit-1/actions/org.freedesktop.login1.policy" search the section "<action id="org.freedesktop.login1.suspend">" and change the corresponding lines as below:

<defaults>
<allow_any>yes</allow_any>
<allow_inactive>yes</allow_inactive>
<allow_active>yes</allow_active>
</defaults>

An alternative solution, which is supposed to be permanent since the file above is updated occasionally, is given next.

Go to "/etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/" and create a file named for instance "com.0.enable-automatic-suspend.pkla". Put the following text into the file:

[Enable automatic suspend]
Identity=unix-user:*
Action=org.freedesktop.login1.suspend
ResultAny=yes

Based on http://askubuntu.com/questions/785509/hibernating-from-cron/786225#786225

Delete older kernels in Ubuntu

To delete older kernels in Ubuntu, an easy way is to use the Synaptic package manager:
1) Search for "linux-image", and select the old kernels for removal
2) Search for "linux-header", and select the old kernel headers for removal

Input \ instead of ¥ on Mac OS X Japanese

In order to input the backslash character "\" instead of "¥" on a Mac OS X system with Japanese keyboard settings, you should go to "System Preferences > Keyboard > Input Sources" then select the Japanese keyboard. Towards the bottom of the settings in the right pane change the setting for '"¥" key generates' to the value '\ (Backslash)'.

To make the function keys on Apple Keyboard work correctly in Ubuntu and its variants (Lubuntu, etc.), the following commands should be used to permanently set the corresponding "fnmode" property and update the configuration files:
>echo options hid_apple fnmode=2 | sudo tee -a /etc/modprobe.d/hid_apple.conf
>sudo update-initramfs -u -k all
You need to reboot after this for changes to take effect.
Reference: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppleKeyboard